Reading Time: 6 minutesIntroduction: election forensics begins before election night When election integrity is discussed, public attention usually focuses on election day and election night: whether polling stations opened on time, whether polling-station records were completed correctly, whether votes were counted accurately, and whether official results match independent…

Reading Time: 3 minutesElectoral integrity does not begin and end on election day. It is a cycle in which every step must leave a trace: voting, counting, official records, data publication, independent analysis, institutional review and, where necessary, legal remedies. If one part of the cycle is missing,…